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1 -Law, medicine and money
1 +Legal, medical and financial terms
Content
... ... @@ -1,127 +1,170 @@
1 1  (% class="box" %)
2 2  (((
3 -Following this helps:
4 -\\
3 +{{id name="#UM"/}}Following this helps:
4 +
5 +
6 +* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is quicker to scan
7 +* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious it's difficult to understand complex text
8 +* **people who are multi-tasking** – when distracted complex text is harder to comprehend
9 +* **people with low literacy** – will not know meanings of complex vocabulary and terms
10 +* **cognitive impairments** – words that are easy to understand involve less cognitive load
11 +* **visual impairments** – short, simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
12 +* **motor impairments** – it takes less physical effort to navigate shorter content
5 5  )))
6 6  
7 7  
8 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
9 9  == Guidance ==
10 10  
11 11  (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
12 -The [[legal>>doc:||anchor="l"]], [[medical>>doc:||anchor="m"]] and [[financial>>doc:||anchor="mo"]] professions are known for using complex terminology. But it's not necessary and confuses people who use their services. 
19 +The legal, financial and medical professions are known for complex terminology. This is not necessary and confuses people. 
13 13  
14 14  
15 -[[Law>>doc:||anchor="l"]]
22 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
23 +**Health:** People need to understand doctors' letters and consultant reports easily. They need to be able to comprehend online information about health. 
16 16  
17 -[[Medicine>>doc:||anchor="m"]]
25 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
26 +**Finances: **Many people do not understand financial terms. This causes problems. Complex terminology describing conceptual arrangements is not helpful.
18 18  
19 -[[Money>>doc:||anchor="mo"]]
28 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
29 +**Law: **Judges created a set of tools to decide what legal writers intended: Statutory Interpretation. But analyses can contradict each other. Plain English makes meaning clearer from the start.
20 20  
21 -----
22 22  
23 -== {{id name="l"/}}Law ==
32 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Usesimplelanguageforlegalterms." %)
33 +[[1. Use simple language for legal terms.>>doc:||anchor="#l1"]]
24 24  
25 -Judges need to decide what legal writers intended their writing to mean. They have evolved a set of tools for this analysis: Statutory Interpretation.
35 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainthelawincontext." %)
36 +[[2. Explain the law in context.>>doc:||anchor="#l2"]]
26 26  
27 -Writing in plain English can make meaning clear, so that judges don’t have to rely on sometimes contradictory interpretations.
38 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Writeclearly." %)
39 +[[3. Write medical information clearly.>>doc:||anchor="#m1"]]
28 28  
41 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainmedicalterms." %)
42 +[[4. Explain medical terms.>>doc:||anchor="#m2"]]
29 29  
30 -=== 1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
44 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Useclearlanguage." %)
45 +[[5. Use clear language for financial information.>>doc:||anchor="#mo1"]]
31 31  
47 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainterminology." %)
48 +[[6. Explain financial terminology.>>doc:||anchor="#mo2"]]
49 +
50 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H3.Giveexamplesofconceptualarrangements." %)
51 +[[7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements.>>doc:||anchor="#mo3"]]
52 +
53 +[[Usability evidence>>doc:||anchor="#UEL"]]
54 +
55 +
56 +----
57 +
58 +=== {{id name="#l1"/}}1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
59 +
32 32  If information on your website is unclear your organisation could be taken to court and lose, even if content is approved by your legal department.
33 33  
34 34  
35 -=== 2. Explain the law in context. ===
63 +=== {{id name="#l2"/}}2. Explain the law in context. ===
36 36  
37 37  When you refer to a law, or part of it, explain what that law is at the point of user need. Do not only refer to it in a reference section or appendix.
38 38  
39 ->Example:
40 -> Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section.
41 41  
68 +Example:
69 +\\(% class="mark" %)Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section:
70 +
42 42  (((
43 43  "We collect personal information on this form under section 26 the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, because it concerns our programs and activities (c), and it is necessary for planning and evaluating our programs and activities(e)."
44 44  )))
45 45  
46 ->Example:
47 ->
48 ->"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**"  [Subheading]
49 ->
50 ->5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."  [Body copy]
51 51  
52 -== ==
76 +Example:
77 +\\[Subheading]
78 +(% class="mark" %)"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**(%%)
79 +
53 53  
54 -== Usability evidence: plain English in law ==
81 +[Body copy]
82 +(% class="mark" %)5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."
55 55  
56 -[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
57 57  
58 -[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
85 +=== {{id name="#m1"/}}3. Write medical information clearly. ===
59 59  
60 -[[The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication>>url:http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=christopher_trudeau]], study by Christopher Trudeau (@proftrudeau on Twitter) containing case studies from solicitors about using legal language.
87 +Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
61 61  
62 -[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] A pharmaceutical company called Richmond took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge deemed the site 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You could still be sued even with all the legal language is there, if the information is not clear.
63 63  
64 -[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
90 +=== {{id name="#m2"/}} 4. Explain medical terms. ===
65 65  
92 +Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It's similar to assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
66 66  
67 -----
68 68  
69 -== {{id name="m"/}}Medicine ==
95 +=== {{id name="#mo1"/}}5. Use clear language for financial information. ===
70 70  
71 -People need letters and reports about their health from doctors and consultants to be easy to understand. And they need online information to be comprehensible. 
97 +Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Write information so that it is easy for them to understand.
98 +
72 72  
100 +=== {{id name="#mo2"/}}6. Explain financial terminology. ===
73 73  
74 -=== 1. Write clearly. ===
102 +Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
75 75  
76 -Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
77 77  
105 +=== {{id name="#mo3"/}}7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements. ===
78 78  
79 -=== 2. Explain medical terms. ===
107 +A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
80 80  
81 -Medical terms are likely not to be understood by your readers. It is likely assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
109 +This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
82 82  
83 83  
84 -== Usability evidence: plain English in medicine ==
112 +----
85 85  
86 -[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
114 +== {{id name="#UEL"/}}Usability evidence ==
87 87  
88 -[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
89 89  
90 -[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
117 +[['Writing content for everyone'>>path:/xwiki/bin/get/Plain%20English/Plain%20English%2C%20simple%20sentences/?sheet=CKEditor.ResourceDispatcher&outputSyntax=plain&language=en&type=doc&reference=https%3A%2F%2Fgds.blog.gov.uk%2F2016%2F02%2F23%2Fwriting-content-for-everyone%2F]], R. Strachan, UK Government Digital Service blog, 2016
91 91  
92 -[['Connecting with audiences: An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]] Linguistic Landscapes, July 2010
119 +=== Health specific ===
93 93  
94 -[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
121 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
122 +[['Department of Health Stakeholder Report: 2012'>>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/department-of-health-stakeholder-report-2012]], research by Ipsos MORI, 2012
95 95  
124 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
125 +[['Connecting with audiences. An evidence-based language sourcebook'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]], Department of Health and Linguistic Landscapes, 2010, 2014
96 96  
97 -----
127 +[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
98 98  
99 -== ==
129 +[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
100 100  
101 -== {{id name="mo"/}}Money ==
131 +[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
102 102  
103 -Many people do not understand their finances and it causes them problems. Complex terminology describing concept-heavy arrangements about a non-tangible resource makes things difficult for everybody.
133 +[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
104 104  
105 105  
106 -=== 1. Use clear language. ===
136 +=== Legal specific ===
107 107  
108 -Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Make your information easy for them to understand.
109 -\\
138 +[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
110 110  
111 -=== 2. Explain terminology. ===
140 +[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
112 112  
113 -Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
142 +[['The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication'>>https://works.bepress.com/christopher_trudeau/4/]], Christopher Trudeau, study includes solicitor case studies, 2017
114 114  
144 +[['Legislative language and judicial politics: The effects of changing parliamentary language on UK immigration disputes'>>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1369148117705272]], Williams, M., 2017. Locked. Related eBook, preview chapter 1: [['How language works in politics: The impact of vague legislation on policy'>>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7FtoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT412&lpg=PT412&dq=%27Legislative+language+and+judicial+politics:+The+effects+of+changing+parliamentary+language+on+UK+immigration+disputes%27&source=bl&ots=l1BDOgSCaL&sig=ACfU3U24809ZF9GVO2UJUExzz6B6h32Iqw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkjtWA79XiAhUSTxUIHV3aBPYQ6AEwB3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false]], Williams, M., 2018
115 115  
116 -=== 3. Give examples of conceptual arrangements. ===
146 +[['How Parliament’s failure to clearly articulate immigration policy forces judges to take control'>>https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/parliamentary-language-and-immigration/]], Matthew Williams 'Legislative language and judicial politics' 2017 summarised in London School of Economics blog post
117 117  
118 -A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
148 +[['I fought the law and the users won: delivering online voter registration'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/06/20/i-fought-the-law-and-the-users-won-delivering-online-voter-registration/]], Peter Herlihy, UK Government Digital Service blog, 2014
119 119  
120 -This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
150 +[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] Richmond pharmaceutical company took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge decided the site was 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You can still be sued even with all the legal language there, if the information is not clear.
121 121  
152 +[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
153 +
122 122  
123 -== Usability evidence: plain English in finance ==
155 +=== Finance specific ===
124 124  
125 125  [[A to Z of financial terms (PDF 87KB)>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/financialguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
126 126  
127 127  [[Plain English guide to financial term (PDF 686KB)>>https://www.nala.ie/resources/plain-english-guide-financial-terms]] from National Adult Literacy Agency, Ireland, January 2009.
160 +
161 +
162 +(% class="box" %)
163 +(((
164 +See also:
165 +
166 +* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
167 +* [[Simple sentences>>doc:Plain English.Simple sentences.WebHome]]
168 +* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
169 +* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
170 +)))