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1 -Legal, medical and financial terms
1 +Law, medicine and money
Content
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1 -(% class="box" %)
2 -(((
3 -{{id name="#UM"/}}Following this helps:
4 -
5 -
6 -* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is quicker to scan
7 -* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious it's difficult to understand complex text
8 -* **people who are multi-tasking** – when distracted complex text is harder to comprehend
9 -* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words involve less cognitive load
10 -* **visual impairments** – short, simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
11 -* **motor impairments** – it takes less physical effort to navigate shorter content
12 -)))
13 -
14 -
15 -== Guidance ==
16 -
17 17  (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
18 -The legal, financial and medical professions are known for complex terminology. This is not necessary and confuses people. 
19 -
2 +The legal, medical and financial professions are known for using complex terminology. But it's not necessary and confuses people who use their services.
20 20  
21 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
22 -**Health:** People need to understand doctors' letters and consultant reports easily. They need to be able to comprehend online information about health. 
23 23  
24 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
25 -**Finances: **Many people do not understand financial terms. This causes problems. Complex terminology describing conceptual arrangements is not helpful.
5 +[[Law>>doc:||anchor="l"]]
26 26  
27 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
28 -**Law: **Judges created a set of tools to decide what legal writers intended: Statutory Interpretation. But analyses can contradict each other. Plain English makes meaning clearer from the start.
7 +[[Medicine>>doc:||anchor="m"]]
29 29  
9 +[[Money>>doc:||anchor="mo"]]
30 30  
31 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Usesimplelanguageforlegalterms." %)
32 -[[1. Use simple language for legal terms.>>doc:||anchor="#l1"]]
33 33  
34 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainthelawincontext." %)
35 -[[2. Explain the law in context.>>doc:||anchor="#l2"]]
12 +== {{id name="l"/}}Law ==
36 36  
37 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Writeclearly." %)
38 -[[3. Write medical information clearly.>>doc:||anchor="#m1"]]
14 +Judges need to decide what legal writers intended their writing to mean. They have evolved a set of tools for this analysis: Statutory Interpretation.
39 39  
40 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainmedicalterms." %)
41 -[[4. Explain medical terms.>>doc:||anchor="#m2"]]
16 +Writing in plain English can make meaning clear, so that judges don’t have to rely on sometimes contradictory interpretations.
42 42  
43 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Useclearlanguage." %)
44 -[[5. Use clear language for financial information.>>doc:||anchor="#mo1"]]
45 45  
46 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainterminology." %)
47 -[[6. Explain financial terminology.>>doc:||anchor="#mo2"]]
19 +=== 1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
48 48  
49 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H3.Giveexamplesofconceptualarrangements." %)
50 -[[7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements.>>doc:||anchor="#mo3"]]
51 -
52 -[[Usability evidence>>doc:||anchor="#UEL"]]
53 -
54 -
55 -----
56 -
57 -=== {{id name="#l1"/}}1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
58 -
59 59  If information on your website is unclear your organisation could be taken to court and lose, even if content is approved by your legal department.
60 60  
61 61  
62 -=== {{id name="#l2"/}}2. Explain the law in context. ===
24 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
25 +=== 2. Explain the law in context. ===
63 63  
64 64  When you refer to a law, or part of it, explain what that law is at the point of user need. Do not only refer to it in a reference section or appendix.
65 65  
29 +>Example:
30 +> Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section.(((
66 66  
67 -Example:
68 -\\(% class="mark" %)Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section:
69 -
70 -(((
71 71  "We collect personal information on this form under section 26 the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, because it concerns our programs and activities (c), and it is necessary for planning and evaluating our programs and activities(e)."
72 72  )))
73 73  
35 +>Example:
36 +>
37 +>"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**"  [Subheading]
38 +>
39 +>5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."  [Body copy]
74 74  
75 -Example:
76 -\\[Subheading]
77 -(% class="mark" %)"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**(%%)
78 -
41 +== ==
79 79  
80 -[Body copy]
81 -(% class="mark" %)5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."
43 +== Usability evidence: plain English in law ==
82 82  
45 +[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
83 83  
84 -=== {{id name="#m1"/}}3. Write medical information clearly. ===
47 +[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
85 85  
86 -Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
49 +[[The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication>>url:http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=christopher_trudeau]], study by Christopher Trudeau (@proftrudeau on Twitter) containing case studies from solicitors about using legal language.
87 87  
51 +[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] A pharmaceutical company called Richmond took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge deemed the site 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You could still be sued even with all the legal language is there, if the information is not clear.
88 88  
89 -=== {{id name="#m2"/}} 4. Explain medical terms. ===
53 +[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
90 90  
91 -Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It similar to assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
92 92  
93 93  
94 -=== {{id name="#mo1"/}}5. Use clear language for financial information. ===
57 +== {{id name="m"/}}Medicine ==
95 95  
96 -Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Write information so that it is easy for them to understand.
97 -
59 +People need letters and reports about their health from doctors and consultants to be easy to understand. And they need online information to be comprehensible. 
98 98  
99 -=== {{id name="#mo2"/}}6. Explain financial terminology. ===
100 100  
101 -Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
62 +=== 1. Write clearly. ===
102 102  
64 +Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
103 103  
104 -=== {{id name="#mo3"/}}7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements. ===
105 105  
106 -A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
67 +=== 2. Explain medical terms. ===
107 107  
108 -This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
69 +Medical terms are likely not to be understood by your readers. It is likely assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
109 109  
110 110  
111 -----
72 +== Usability evidence: plain English in medicine ==
112 112  
113 -=== {{id name="#UEL"/}}Usability evidence ===
74 +[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
114 114  
115 -==== Legal ====
76 +[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
116 116  
117 -[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
78 +[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
118 118  
119 -[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
80 +[['Connecting with audiences: An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]] Linguistic Landscapes, July 2010
120 120  
121 -[[The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication>>url:http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=christopher_trudeau]], study by Christopher Trudeau (@proftrudeau on Twitter) containing case studies from solicitors about using legal language.
82 +[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
122 122  
123 -[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] A pharmaceutical company called Richmond took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge deemed the site 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You could still be sued even with all the legal language is there, if the information is not clear.
124 124  
125 -[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
85 +== {{id name="mo"/}}Money ==
126 126  
127 -====
128 -Medical ====
87 +Many people do not understand their finances and it causes them problems. Complex terminology describing concept-heavy arrangements about a non-tangible resource makes things difficult for everybody.
129 129  
130 -[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
131 131  
132 -[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
90 +=== 1. Use clear language. ===
133 133  
134 -[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
92 +Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Make your information easy for them to understand.
93 +\\
135 135  
136 -[['Connecting with audiences: An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]] Linguistic Landscapes, July 2010
95 +=== 2. Explain terminology. ===
137 137  
138 -[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019 
97 +Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
98 +
139 139  
140 140  
141 -==== Finance ====
101 +=== 3. Give examples of conceptual arrangements. ===
142 142  
143 -[[A to Z of financial terms (PDF 87KB)>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/financialguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
103 +A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
144 144  
145 -[[Plain English guide to financial term (PDF 686KB)>>https://www.nala.ie/resources/plain-english-guide-financial-terms]] from National Adult Literacy Agency, Ireland, January 2009.
105 +This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
146 146  
147 147  
148 -(% class="box" %)
149 -(((
150 -See also:
108 +== Usability evidence: plain English in finance ==
151 151  
152 -* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
153 -* [[Simple sentences>>doc:Plain English.Simple sentences.WebHome]]
154 -* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
155 -* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
156 -)))
110 +[[A to Z of financial terms (PDF 87KB)>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/financialguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
111 +
112 +[[Plain English guide to financial term (PDF 686KB)>>https://www.nala.ie/resources/plain-english-guide-financial-terms]] from National Adult Literacy Agency, Ireland, January 2009.