Changes for page Legal, medical and financial terms

Last modified by Lizzie Bruce on 2020/01/11 23:49

From 1.20 to 1.19 From 3.1 to 2.3

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2.3

edited by Lizzie Bruce
on 2019/04/24 14:01

Change comment: Added LSE blog link

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1.20

edited by Lizzie Bruce
on 2019/03/07 16:47

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--Legal, medical and financial terms
++Law, medicine and money

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--(% class="box" %)
--(((
--{{id name="#UM"/}}Following this helps:
--
++(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
++The legal, medical and financial professions are known for using complex terminology. But it's not necessary and confuses people who use their services.
--* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is quicker to scan
--* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious it's difficult to understand complex text
--* **people who are multi-tasking** – when distracted complex text is harder to comprehend
--* **people with low literacy** – will not know meanings of complex vocabulary and terms
--* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words involve less cognitive load
--* **visual impairments** – short, simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
--* **motor impairments** – it takes less physical effort to navigate shorter content
--)))
++Law
--== Guidance ==
++Medicine
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
--The legal, financial and medical professions are known for complex terminology. This is not necessary and confuses people.
--
++Money
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
--**Health:** People need to understand doctors' letters and consultant reports easily. They need to be able to comprehend online information about health.
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
--**Finances: **Many people do not understand financial terms. This causes problems. Complex terminology describing conceptual arrangements is not helpful.
++== Law ==
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
--**Law: **Judges created a set of tools to decide what legal writers intended: Statutory Interpretation. But analyses can contradict each other. Plain English makes meaning clearer from the start.
++Over the years, judges have tried to decide what the legal writers intended their writing to mean. They evolved a set of tools to do this analysis: Statutory Interpretation.
++Writing in plain English can make meaning clear, so that judges don’t have to rely on these sometimes contradictory interpretations.
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Usesimplelanguageforlegalterms." %)
--[[1. Use simple language for legal terms.>>doc:||anchor="#l1"]]
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainthelawincontext." %)
--[[2. Explain the law in context.>>doc:||anchor="#l2"]]
++=== 1. Explain the law in context. ===
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Writeclearly." %)
--[[3. Write medical information clearly.>>doc:||anchor="#m1"]]
++When you refer to a law, or part of it, explain what the law is about right there at the point of user need. Do not only refer to it in a reference section or appendix.
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainmedicalterms." %)
--[[4. Explain medical terms.>>doc:||anchor="#m2"]]
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Useclearlanguage." %)
--[[5. Use clear language for financial information.>>doc:||anchor="#mo1"]]
++== 2. Give simple explanations for complex terms. ==
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainterminology." %)
--[[6. Explain financial terminology.>>doc:||anchor="#mo2"]]
++>Example:"We collect personal information on this form under section 26 the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, because it concerns our programs and activities (c), and it is necessary for planning and evaluating our programs and activities(e)."This content is positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section.
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H3.Giveexamplesofconceptualarrangements." %)
--[[7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements.>>doc:||anchor="#mo3"]]
++>Example:"Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act" [Subheading]"5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act." [Body copy]
--[[Usability evidence>>doc:||anchor="#UEL"]]
--
++==   ==
------
++== Usability evidence for plain English in law ==
--=== {{id name="#l1"/}}1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
++[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
--If information on your website is unclear your organisation could be taken to court and lose, even if content is approved by your legal department.
++[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
++[[The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication>>url:http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=christopher_trudeau]], study by Christopher Trudeau (@proftrudeau on Twitter) containing case studies from solicitors about using legal language.
--=== {{id name="#l2"/}}2. Explain the law in context. ===
++[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] A pharmaceutical company called Richmond took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge deemed the site 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. Just because all the legal language is there, doesn't mean you can't be sued.
--When you refer to a law, or part of it, explain what that law is at the point of user need. Do not only refer to it in a reference section or appendix.
++[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] The Plain English Campaign argues that legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. 'The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up.'
--Example:
--\\(% class="mark" %)Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section:
--(((
--"We collect personal information on this form under section 26 the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, because it concerns our programs and activities (c), and it is necessary for planning and evaluating our programs and activities(e)."
--)))
++== Medicine ==
++People need letters and reports about their health from doctors and consultants to be easy to understand. And they need online information to be comprehensible.
--Example:
--\\[Subheading]
--(% class="mark" %)"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**(%%)
--
--[Body copy]
--(% class="mark" %)5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."
++=== 1. Write clearly. ===
--
--=== {{id name="#m1"/}}3. Write medical information clearly. ===
--
  Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
--=== {{id name="#m2"/}} 4. Explain medical terms. ===
++=== 2. Explain medical terms. ===
--Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It's similar to assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
++Medical terms are likely not to be understood by your readers. It is likely assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
--=== {{id name="#mo1"/}}5. Use clear language for financial information. ===
++== Usability evidence for plain English in medicine ==
--Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Write information so that it is easy for them to understand.
--
++[[Plain English Campaign – guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]]
--=== {{id name="#mo2"/}}6. Explain financial terminology. ===
++[[Academy of Medical Royal Colleges – Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]]
--Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
++== Money ==
--=== {{id name="#mo3"/}}7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements. ===
++Many people do not understand their finances and it causes them problems. Complex terminology describing concept-heavy arrangements about a non-tangible resource makes things difficult for everybody.
--A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
--This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
++=== 1. Use clear language. ===
++===   ===
------
++=== 2. Explain terminology. ===
--=== {{id name="#UEL"/}}Usability evidence ===
++===   ===
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
--[['Department of Health Stakeholder Report: 2012'>>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/department-of-health-stakeholder-report-2012]], research by Ipsos MORI, 2012
++=== 3. Give examples of conceptual arrangements. ===
--(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
--[['Connecting with audiences. An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]], DoH and Linguistic Landscapes, 2010, revised 2014
--[['Writing content for everyone>>path:/xwiki/bin/get/Plain%20English/Plain%20English%2C%20simple%20sentences/?sheet=CKEditor.ResourceDispatcher&outputSyntax=plain&language=en&type=doc&reference=https%3A%2F%2Fgds.blog.gov.uk%2F2016%2F02%2F23%2Fwriting-content-for-everyone%2F]]', blog post by, Roz Strachan, Government Digital Service, 2016
++== Usability evidence for plain English in finance ==
--[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
--[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
--
--[['The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication'>>https://works.bepress.com/christopher_trudeau/4/]], Christopher Trudeau, study includes solicitor case studies, 2017
--
--[['Legislative language and judicial politics: The effects of changing parliamentary language on UK immigration disputes'>>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1369148117705272]], Matthew Williams, 2017. Locked
--
--[['How Parliament’s failure to clearly articulate immigration policy forces judges to take control'>>https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/parliamentary-language-and-immigration/]], Matthew Williams 'Legislative language and judicial politics' 2017 summarised in London School of Economics blog post
--
--[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] Richmond pharmaceutical company took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge decided the site was 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You can still be sued even with all the legal language there, if the information is not clear.
--
--[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
--
--[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
--
--[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
--
--[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
--
--[['Connecting with audiences: An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]] Linguistic Landscapes, July 2010
--
--[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
--
--[[A to Z of financial terms (PDF 87KB)>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/financialguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
--
--[[Plain English guide to financial term (PDF 686KB)>>https://www.nala.ie/resources/plain-english-guide-financial-terms]] from National Adult Literacy Agency, Ireland, January 2009.
--
--
--(% class="box" %)
--(((
--See also:
--
--* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
--* [[Simple sentences>>doc:Plain English.Simple sentences.WebHome]]
--* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
--* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
--)))
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Author

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1		-Anonymous

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--4. Explain medical terms.
--Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It similar to assuming
--
--
--Should be : it is similar

Date

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1		-2019-04-01 22:40:18.0

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