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Last modified by Lizzie Bruce on 2020/01/11 23:49
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edited by Lizzie Bruce
on 2019/04/24 15:03
Change comment: Added more evidence, added subheadings for Health, Legal, Finance specific studies/articles
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edited by Lizzie Bruce
on 2019/03/09 02:38
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1 -Legal, medical and financial terms
1 +Law, medicine and money
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1 1  (% class="box" %)
2 2  (((
3 -{{id name="#UM"/}}Following this helps:
4 -
5 -
6 -* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is quicker to scan
7 -* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious it's difficult to understand complex text
8 -* **people who are multi-tasking** – when distracted complex text is harder to comprehend
9 -* **people with low literacy** – will not know meanings of complex vocabulary and terms
10 -* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words involve less cognitive load
11 -* **visual impairments** – short, simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
12 -* **motor impairments** – it takes less physical effort to navigate shorter content
3 +Following this helps:
4 +\\
13 13  )))
14 14  
15 15  
8 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
16 16  == Guidance ==
17 17  
18 18  (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
19 -The legal, financial and medical professions are known for complex terminology. This is not necessary and confuses people. 
12 +The [[legal>>doc:||anchor="l"]], [[medical>>doc:||anchor="m"]] and [[financial>>doc:||anchor="mo"]] professions are known for using complex terminology. But it's not necessary and confuses people who use their services. 
20 20  
21 21  
22 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
23 -**Health:** People need to understand doctors' letters and consultant reports easily. They need to be able to comprehend online information about health. 
15 +[[Law>>doc:||anchor="l"]]
24 24  
25 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
26 -**Finances: **Many people do not understand financial terms. This causes problems. Complex terminology describing conceptual arrangements is not helpful.
17 +[[Medicine>>doc:||anchor="m"]]
27 27  
28 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
29 -**Law: **Judges created a set of tools to decide what legal writers intended: Statutory Interpretation. But analyses can contradict each other. Plain English makes meaning clearer from the start.
19 +[[Money>>doc:||anchor="mo"]]
30 30  
21 +----
31 31  
32 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Usesimplelanguageforlegalterms." %)
33 -[[1. Use simple language for legal terms.>>doc:||anchor="#l1"]]
23 +== {{id name="l"/}}Law ==
34 34  
35 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainthelawincontext." %)
36 -[[2. Explain the law in context.>>doc:||anchor="#l2"]]
25 +Judges need to decide what legal writers intended their writing to mean. They have evolved a set of tools for this analysis: Statutory Interpretation.
37 37  
38 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Writeclearly." %)
39 -[[3. Write medical information clearly.>>doc:||anchor="#m1"]]
27 +Writing in plain English can make meaning clear, so that judges don’t have to rely on sometimes contradictory interpretations.
40 40  
41 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainmedicalterms." %)
42 -[[4. Explain medical terms.>>doc:||anchor="#m2"]]
43 43  
44 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.Useclearlanguage." %)
45 -[[5. Use clear language for financial information.>>doc:||anchor="#mo1"]]
30 +=== 1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
46 46  
47 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.Explainterminology." %)
48 -[[6. Explain financial terminology.>>doc:||anchor="#mo2"]]
49 -
50 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H3.Giveexamplesofconceptualarrangements." %)
51 -[[7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements.>>doc:||anchor="#mo3"]]
52 -
53 -[[Usability evidence>>doc:||anchor="#UEL"]]
54 -
55 -
56 -----
57 -
58 -=== {{id name="#l1"/}}1. Use simple language for legal terms. ===
59 -
60 60  If information on your website is unclear your organisation could be taken to court and lose, even if content is approved by your legal department.
61 61  
62 62  
63 -=== {{id name="#l2"/}}2. Explain the law in context. ===
35 +=== 2. Explain the law in context. ===
64 64  
65 65  When you refer to a law, or part of it, explain what that law is at the point of user need. Do not only refer to it in a reference section or appendix.
66 66  
39 +>Example:
40 +> Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section.
67 67  
68 -Example:
69 -\\(% class="mark" %)Positioned at the top of a form, not hidden away in references section:
70 -
71 71  (((
72 72  "We collect personal information on this form under section 26 the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, because it concerns our programs and activities (c), and it is necessary for planning and evaluating our programs and activities(e)."
73 73  )))
74 74  
46 +>Example:
47 +>
48 +>"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**"  [Subheading]
49 +>
50 +>5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."  [Body copy]
75 75  
76 -Example:
77 -\\[Subheading]
78 -(% class="mark" %)"**Direct sales contract — exemptions from application of the Act**(%%)
79 -
52 +== ==
80 80  
81 -[Body copy]
82 -(% class="mark" %)5 (1) This section describes direct sellers that are, and circumstances in which direct sellers are, exempt from the application of sections 19 to 22 (required contents, direct sales contracts, direct sales contract — cancellation, credit agreement respecting direct sales contract) of the Act."
54 +== Usability evidence: plain English in law ==
83 83  
56 +[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
84 84  
85 -=== {{id name="#m1"/}}3. Write medical information clearly. ===
58 +[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
86 86  
87 -Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
60 +[[The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication>>url:http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=christopher_trudeau]], study by Christopher Trudeau (@proftrudeau on Twitter) containing case studies from solicitors about using legal language.
88 88  
62 +[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] A pharmaceutical company called Richmond took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge deemed the site 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You could still be sued even with all the legal language is there, if the information is not clear.
89 89  
90 -=== {{id name="#m2"/}} 4. Explain medical terms. ===
64 +[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
91 91  
92 -Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It's similar to assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
93 93  
67 +----
94 94  
95 -=== {{id name="#mo1"/}}5. Use clear language for financial information. ===
69 +== {{id name="m"/}}Medicine ==
96 96  
97 -Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Write information so that it is easy for them to understand.
98 -
71 +People need letters and reports about their health from doctors and consultants to be easy to understand. And they need online information to be comprehensible. 
99 99  
100 -=== {{id name="#mo2"/}}6. Explain financial terminology. ===
101 101  
102 -Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
74 +=== 1. Write clearly. ===
103 103  
76 +Users of the information might be in shock or anxious, which reduces cognition.
104 104  
105 -=== {{id name="#mo3"/}}7. Give examples of conceptual financial arrangements. ===
106 106  
107 -A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
79 +=== 2. Explain medical terms. ===
108 108  
109 -This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
81 +Medical terms are likely not to be understood by your readers. It is likely assuming they would know a word in a foreign language. Follow the word or phrase with a plain English explanation.
110 110  
111 111  
112 -----
84 +== Usability evidence: plain English in medicine ==
113 113  
114 -== {{id name="#UEL"/}}Usability evidence ==
86 +[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
115 115  
88 +[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
116 116  
117 -[['Writing content for everyone'>>path:/xwiki/bin/get/Plain%20English/Plain%20English%2C%20simple%20sentences/?sheet=CKEditor.ResourceDispatcher&outputSyntax=plain&language=en&type=doc&reference=https%3A%2F%2Fgds.blog.gov.uk%2F2016%2F02%2F23%2Fwriting-content-for-everyone%2F]], R. Strachan, UK Government Digital Service blog, 2016
90 +[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
118 118  
119 -=== Health specific ===
92 +[['Connecting with audiences: An evidence-based language sourcebook for the Department of Health'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]] Linguistic Landscapes, July 2010
120 120  
121 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
122 -[['Department of Health Stakeholder Report: 2012'>>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/department-of-health-stakeholder-report-2012]], research by Ipsos MORI, 2012
94 +[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
123 123  
124 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
125 -[['Connecting with audiences. An evidence-based language sourcebook'>>http://www.linguisticlandscapes.co.uk/pdf/DH%20Language%20Guidelines%20230710%20FINAL_for%20website_240114.pdf]], Department of Health and Linguistic Landscapes, 2010, 2014
126 126  
127 -[[Guide to medical information>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/medicalguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
97 +----
128 128  
129 -[[Guidance on writing letters to outpatients>>http://www.aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Please_write_to_me_Guidance_010918.pdf]] from Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
99 +== ==
130 130  
131 -[['Clarity is king – the evidence that reveals the desperate need to re-think the way we write'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/02/17/guest-post-clarity-is-king-the-evidence-that-reveals-the-desperate-need-to-re-think-the-way-we-write/]] GDS blog, Mark Morris, 2014
101 +== {{id name="mo"/}}Money ==
132 132  
133 -[[NHS content style guide beta>>https://beta.nhs.uk/service-manual/content/how-we-write]], January 2019
103 +Many people do not understand their finances and it causes them problems. Complex terminology describing concept-heavy arrangements about a non-tangible resource makes things difficult for everybody.
134 134  
135 135  
136 -=== Legal specific ===
106 +=== 1. Use clear language. ===
137 137  
138 -[['Joseph Kimble—No, the law does not (normally) require legalese'>>url:http://www.ivacheung.com/2015/07/joseph-kimble-no-the-law-does-not-normally-require-legalese-editing-goes-global-2015/]] Editing Goes Global, 2015. Professor Joseph Kimble discusses the "psuedo-precision of legalese".
108 +Dealing with financial issues can be stressful, which means your audience will have less cognitive capability available. Make your information easy for them to understand.
109 +\\
139 139  
140 -[[Plain language: the underlying research>>url:https://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Schriver_Karen%20Clarity2012.pdf]], Karen Schriver slide presentation, pages 29 to 35.
111 +=== 2. Explain terminology. ===
141 141  
142 -[['The public speaks: an empirical study of legal communication'>>https://works.bepress.com/christopher_trudeau/4/]], Christopher Trudeau, study includes solicitor case studies, 2017
113 +Avoid using financial jargon. Acronyms and pseudonyms may make sense internally, but people using your services may not understand them.
143 143  
144 -[['Legislative language and judicial politics: The effects of changing parliamentary language on UK immigration disputes'>>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1369148117705272]], Matthew Williams, 2017. Locked
145 145  
146 -[['How Parliament’s failure to clearly articulate immigration policy forces judges to take control'>>https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/parliamentary-language-and-immigration/]], Matthew Williams 'Legislative language and judicial politics' 2017 summarised in London School of Economics blog post
116 +=== 3. Give examples of conceptual arrangements. ===
147 147  
148 -[['I fought the law and the users won: delivering online voter registration'>>https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2014/06/20/i-fought-the-law-and-the-users-won-delivering-online-voter-registration/]], Peter Herlihy, UK Government Digital Service blog, 2014
118 +A tracker or shared ownership mortgage is easier to understand if you give examples.
149 149  
150 -[[Richmond vs HRA>>url:http://www.alltrials.net/news/judgment-in-richmond-v-hra-judicial-review/]] Richmond pharmaceutical company took the Health Regulatory Authority to court because the website was confusing. A high court judge decided the site was 'unlawful' and ruled against the government. The site was cleared through a legal department. This set a precedent in the UK. You can still be sued even with all the legal language there, if the information is not clear.
120 +This is important for credit arrangements where there is an initial interest rate that may change.
151 151  
152 -[[Plain English Campaign>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/campaigning/past-campaigns/legal/drafting-in-plain-english.html]] believes legalese is unnecessary and does not do what it was intended to. "The argument that clarity should be sacrificed for a document to be comprehensive does not stand up."
153 -
154 154  
155 -=== Finance specific ===
123 +== Usability evidence: plain English in finance ==
156 156  
157 157  [[A to Z of financial terms (PDF 87KB)>>http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/files/financialguide.pdf]] from Plain English Campaign.
158 158  
159 159  [[Plain English guide to financial term (PDF 686KB)>>https://www.nala.ie/resources/plain-english-guide-financial-terms]] from National Adult Literacy Agency, Ireland, January 2009.
160 -
161 -
162 -(% class="box" %)
163 -(((
164 -See also:
165 -
166 -* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
167 -* [[Simple sentences>>doc:Plain English.Simple sentences.WebHome]]
168 -* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
169 -* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
170 -)))
Icon XWiki.XWikiComments[0]
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1 -Anonymous
Comment
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1 -4. Explain medical terms.
2 -Medical terms are unlikely to be understood by your readers. It similar to assuming
3 -
4 -
5 -Should be : it is similar
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1 -2019-04-01 22:40:18.0
Icon XWiki.XWikiComments[1]
Author
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1 -xwiki:XWiki.LizzieBruce
Comment
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1 -Thanks! Feel free to contact me for a wiki edit log in if you spot anything else. lizzie@contentdesign.london
Date
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1 -2019-04-24 11:37:24.0