Changes for page Simple sentences

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Title

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1		-Clear language
	1	+Simple sentences

Parent

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1		-Main.WebHome
	1	+Plain English.WebHome

Content

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1		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
2		-This helps:
	1	+(% class="box" %)
	2	+(((
	3	+Following this helps:
3	3
4		-* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is easier to scan and absorb instantly
5		-* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words and sentences need less cognition
6		-* **visual impairments** – short and simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
7		-* **motor impairments** – it's less tiring when you can understand what you read quickly
	5	+* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is easier to scan and absorb instantly
	6	+* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious you find it harder to comprehend things
	7	+* **people who are multi-tasking** – if you're distracted it's hard to comprehend convoluted structures
	8	+* **cognitive impairments** – shorter, non-complex sentences carry less cognitive load
	9	+* **visual impairments** – short, simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
	10	+* **motor impairments** – it's less tiring when you can absorb what you read quickly
	11	+)))
8	8
	13	+==
	14	+Guidelines ==
9	9
	16	+Short, simple sentences are better on the web than long, protracted prose with complex syntax. WCAG says: "using the clearest and simplest language appropriate is highly desirable."
10	10
11		-== Guidelines ==
12	12
13		-[[Plain English>>Plain English||anchor="pe"]]
	19	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.MakeyouraveragesentenceA015wordslong." %)
	20	+[[1. Make your average sentence 15 words long.>>doc:||anchor="#1"]]
14	14
15		-[[Simple sentences >> ||anchor="ssl"]]
	22	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.A0Avoidcomplexsentencestructures." %)
	23	+[[2. Avoid complex sentence structures.>>doc:||anchor="#2"]]
16	16
17		-Specialist terms
18		-
19	19	(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
20		-Words to avoid
	26	+[[Usability evidence>>doc:||anchor="#UESS"]]
	27	+
21	21
	29	+----
22	22
23		-== {{id name="pe"/}}Plain English ==
	31	+== ==
24	24
25		-Make content clear and understandable, to open the web up for users with different literacy levels and access challenges.
	33	+=== {{id name="#1"/}}1. Make your average sentence 15 words long. ===
26	26
27		-WCAG states that "using the clearest and simplest language appropriate is highly desirable."
	35	+The maximum sentence length for a good level of comprehension is 25 words. Split long sentences up into 2 or 3, or use bullet points.
28	28
29		-The United Nations recommends plain language for communications.
30		-
	37	+Oxford Guide to plain English, GOV.UK and linguists agree:
31	31
32		-=== 1. Choose easy and short words not formal, long ones. ===
33		-
34		-Use ‘buy’ instead of ‘purchase’, ‘help’ instead of ‘assist’, and ‘about’ instead of ‘approximately’.
35		-
36		-Write for the reading comprehension of a 9 year old. This helps you reach the most users and makes your content easy to scan.
	39	+* 15 word sentences are more likely to be comprehensible
	40	+* 25 words is a good maximum sentence length limit
	41	+* above 40 words sentences are hard to comprehend easily
37	37
38	38
39		-=== 2. Jargon and buzzwords are unlikely to be clear language. ===
40		-
41		-Often, these words are too general and vague and can lead to misinterpretation or empty, meaningless text. Avoid them. Instead, think about what the term actually means and describe that. Be open and specific.
42		-
43		-
44	44	Example:
45		-"Let's touch base in 10 and do some blue sky thinking." This uses jargon.
46		-"Let's meet in 10 minutes to think of some ideas." Conveys same meaning using clear language.
47	47
	46	+(% class="mark" %)This sentence is about 15 words long and is easy to understand. (%%)
	47	+
48	48
49		-=== 3. Write conversationally. ===
	49	+=== {{id name="#2"/}}2. Avoid complex sentence structures. ===
50	50
51		-Picture your audience and write as if you were talking directly to them, with the authority of someone who can help and inform.
52		-
53		-
54		-=== 4. Test your content with users ===
55		-
56		-What is 'plain' for one person may not be for someone else.
57		-
58		-
59		-== Usability evidence for plain English ==
60		-
61		-[[Guideline 3.1 Readable: Make text content readable and understandable.>>url:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/meaning-supplements.html]], Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, 2008.
62		-
63		-[['Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities'>>url:http://templatelab.com/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/]], page 4 Article 2, Definitions, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2018.
64		-
65		-[['Plain Language Is for Everyone, Even Experts'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/articles/plain-language-experts/]], H. Loranger, Nielsen Norman Group, 2017
66		-
67		-[['The Public Speaks: An Empirical Study of Legal Communication'>>url:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1843415]], C. R. Trudeau in 14 Scribes J. Leg. Writing 121 2012
68		-
69		-[['Strengthening plain language'>>url:http://www.iplfederation.org/]], International Plain Language Federation. Undated.
70		-
71		-[[Plain Language Commission style guide>>url:https://www.clearest.co.uk/plain-language-commission-style-guide]], Plain Language Commission, 2011
72		-
73		-[['The principles of readability'>>url:http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/readability02.pdf]], Impact Information, William H. DuBay, 2004
74		-
75		-[[Plain language entry>>url:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language]], Wikipedia, last updated 2018
76		-
77		-
78		-== {{id name="ssl"/}}Simple sentences ==
79		-
80		-
81		-=== 1. Make your average sentence 15 words long. ===
82		-
83		-The maximum sentence length we would recommend for easy comprehension is 25 words.
84		-
85		-You can split longer sentences up into 2 or 3 or restructure the content with bullet points to make meaning clearer for users.
86		-
87		-
88		-== 2. Avoid complex sentence structures. ==
89		-
90	90	They are less easy to comprehend quickly. Understanding them requires more cognitive effort than simple sentences.
91	91
92	92
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94	94
95	95	* number of clauses in a sentence, the more clauses the more complex it is
96	96	* distribution of associated words across the sentence – how easily can the brain 'parse a phrase': recognise, connect and comprehend words that together convey meaning
	58	+
97	97
98		-
99	99	Example:
100		-
101		-"The red fox jumped over the gate." – easier to understand
	61	+\\(% class="mark" %)"The red fox jumped over the gate." – easier to understand
102	102	"The fox, which was red, over the gate jumped." – harder to understand
103	103
104	104
105		-== Usability evidence for simple sentences ==
	65	+----
106	106
107		-"People with some learning disabilities read letter for letter – they do not bounce around like other users. They also cannot fully understand a sentence if it’s too long. People with moderate learning disabilities can understand sentences of 5 to 8 words without difficulty. By using common words we can help all users understand sentences of around 25 words." GOV.UK
	67	+== {{id name="#UESS"/}}Usability evidence: simple sentences ==
108	108
109		-The Oxford Guide to Plain English recommends 15–20 words per sentence. It also says: "…if you regularly exceed 40 words, you’ll certainly weary and deter your readers."
	69	+Oxford Guide to plain English
110	110
111		-Jyoti Sanyal, author of 'Indlish' said: "Based on several studies, press associations in the USA have laid down a readability table. Their survey shows readers find sentences of 8 words or less very easy to read; 11 words, easy; 14 words fairly easy; 17 words standard; 21 words fairly difficult; 25 words difficult and 29 words or more, very difficult."
	71	+Jyoti Sanyal 'Indlish'
112	112
113		-Author Ann Wylie said: "When the average sentence length in a piece was fewer than 8 words long, readers understood 100% of the story. At 14 words, they could comprehend more than 90% of the information. But move up to 43-word sentences and comprehension dropped below 10 percent."
	73	+Author Ann Wylie
114	114
115	115	[[Writing for GOV.UK>>url:https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/writing-for-gov-uk]], UK Government website
116	116
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153	153	[[The Crystal Mark standard>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/services/crystal-mark/7-the-crystal-mark-standard.html]] Plain English Campaign, undated
154	154
155	155
156		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
157		-Here's some sector specific guidance:
	116	+----
158	158
159		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
160		-Legal
	118	+(% class="box" %)
	119	+(((
	120	+See also:
161	161
162		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
163		-Medical
164		-
165		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
166		-Financial
167		-
168		-
169		-{{children/}}
170		-
171		-
172		-
	122	+* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
	123	+* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
	124	+* [[Law, medicine, money>>doc:Plain English.Medical.WebHome]]
	125	+* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
	126	+)))