Changes for page Simple sentences
Last modified by Lizzie Bruce on 2020/01/11 23:51
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edited by Lizzie Bruce
on 2019/03/08 20:48
on 2019/03/08 20:48
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 - Languageuse1 +Simple sentences - Parent
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... ... @@ -1,239 +1,1 @@ 1 -(% class="box" %) 2 -((( 3 -Writing about people: being inclusive 4 -))) 5 - 6 -(% class="box" %) 7 -((( 8 -Audience labels: I, you, we, they 9 -))) 10 - 11 -(% class="box" %) 12 -((( 13 -== [[Plain English, simple sentences >>doc:.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]] == 14 -))) 15 - 16 -(% class="box" %) 17 -((( 18 -Specialist terms 19 -))) 20 - 21 -(% class="box" %) 22 -((( 23 -Law, medicine and money 24 -))) 25 - 26 -(% class="box" %) 27 -((( 28 -Words to avoid 29 -))) 30 - 31 -[[Simple sentences>>||anchor="ssl"]] 32 - 33 -[[Specialist terms>>||anchor="st"]] 34 - 35 -[[Law, medicine, money>>doc:.Medical.WebHome]] 36 - 37 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %) 38 -[[Words to avoid>>doc:.Words to avoid.WebHome]] 39 - 40 - 41 ----- 42 - 43 -== == 44 - 45 -== {{id name="pe"/}}Plain English == 46 - 47 -Make content clear and understandable, to open the web up for users with different literacy levels and access challenges. 48 - 49 -WCAG states that "using the clearest and simplest language appropriate is highly desirable." 50 - 51 -The United Nations recommends plain language for communications. 52 - 53 - 54 -=== 1. Choose easy and short words not formal, long ones. === 55 - 56 -Use ‘buy’ instead of ‘purchase’, ‘help’ instead of ‘assist’, and ‘about’ instead of ‘approximately’. 57 - 58 -Write for the reading comprehension of a 9 year old. This helps you reach the most users and makes your content easy to scan. 59 - 60 - 61 -=== 2. Jargon and buzzwords are unlikely to be clear language. === 62 - 63 -Often, these words are too general and vague and can lead to misinterpretation or empty, meaningless text. Avoid them. Instead, think about what the term actually means and describe that. Be open and specific. 64 - 65 - 66 -Example: 67 -"Let's touch base in 10 and do some blue sky thinking." This uses jargon. 68 -"Let's meet in 10 minutes to think of some ideas." Conveys same meaning using clear language. 69 - 70 - 71 -=== 3. Write conversationally. === 72 - 73 -Picture your audience and write as if you were talking directly to them, with the authority of someone who can help and inform. 74 - 75 - 76 -=== 4. Test your content with users === 77 - 78 -What is 'plain' for one person may not be for someone else. 79 - 80 - 81 -== Usability evidence: plain English == 82 - 83 -[[Guideline 3.1 Readable: Make text content readable and understandable.>>url:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/meaning-supplements.html]], Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, 2008. 84 - 85 -[['Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities'>>url:http://templatelab.com/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/]], page 4 Article 2, Definitions, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2018. 86 - 87 -[['Plain Language Is for Everyone, Even Experts'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/articles/plain-language-experts/]], H. Loranger, Nielsen Norman Group, 2017 88 - 89 -[['The Public Speaks: An Empirical Study of Legal Communication'>>url:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1843415]], C. R. Trudeau in 14 Scribes J. Leg. Writing 121 2012 90 - 91 -[['Strengthening plain language'>>url:http://www.iplfederation.org/]], International Plain Language Federation. Undated. 92 - 93 -[[Plain Language Commission style guide>>url:https://www.clearest.co.uk/plain-language-commission-style-guide]], Plain Language Commission, 2011 94 - 95 -[['The principles of readability'>>url:http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/readability02.pdf]], Impact Information, William H. DuBay, 2004 96 - 97 -[[Plain language entry>>url:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language]], Wikipedia, last updated 2018 98 - 99 - 100 ----- 101 - 102 -== == 103 - 104 -== {{id name="ssl"/}}Simple sentences == 105 - 106 -=== 1. Make your average sentence 15 words long. === 107 - 108 -The maximum sentence length for a good level of comprehension is 25 words. Split long sentences up into 2 or 3, or use bullet points. 109 - 110 -Oxford Guide to plain English, GOV.UK and linguists agree 15 word sentences are fine but above 40 words is hard to understand. 111 - 112 - 113 -=== 2. Avoid complex sentence structures. === 114 - 115 -They are less easy to comprehend quickly. Understanding them requires more cognitive effort than simple sentences. 116 - 117 - 118 -Complexity depends on: 119 - 120 -* number of clauses in a sentence, the more clauses the more complex it is 121 -* distribution of associated words across the sentence – how easily can the brain 'parse a phrase': recognise, connect and comprehend words that together convey meaning 122 - 123 - 124 ->Example:"The red fox jumped over the gate." – easier to understand 125 ->"The fox, which was red, over the gate jumped." – harder to understand 126 - 127 - 128 -== Usability evidence: simple sentences == 129 - 130 -Oxford Guide to plain English 131 - 132 -Jyoti Sanyal 'Indlish' 133 - 134 -Author Ann Wylie 135 - 136 -[[Writing for GOV.UK>>url:https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/writing-for-gov-uk]], UK Government website 137 - 138 -[['Sentence length: why 25 words is our limit'>>url:https://insidegovuk.blog.gov.uk/2014/08/04/sentence-length-why-25-words-is-our-limit/]], Inside GOV.UK, UK Government blog, 2014 139 - 140 -[['Content design'>>url:https://contentdesign.london/book/]], Sarah Richards, 2017 141 - 142 -[['The role of word difficulty and sentence length in text comprehension'>>url:https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a114935.pdf]], T. M. Duffy and P. K. U'Ren, 1982 143 - 144 -[['The Influence of Semantics and Syntax on What Readers Remember'>>url:https://www.hcde.washington.edu/files/people/docs/Isakson_Spyridakis_Sem_Syn.pdf]], C. S. Isakson and J. H. Spyridakis, 1999 145 - 146 -[['How the brain attunes to sentence processing: Relating behavior, structure, and function'>>url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819595/]], A. Fengler, L. Meyer, A. D. Friederici, National Center for Biotechnology Information 147 - 148 -[['Functional Analysis of Clause Complex in the Language of News Websites Texts: A Comparative Study of Two Articles'>>url:http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0616/ijsrp-p5445.pdf]], F. M. S. Eid, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016 149 - 150 -[[Reading Level>>url:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/meaning-supplements.html]], Understanding SC 3.1.5, WCAG, 2008 151 - 152 -[['Readability Assessment of Internet-Based Consumer Health Information'>>url:http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/53/10/1310/tab-pdf]], T. M. Walsh and T. A. Volsko in Respiratory Care October 2008, 53 (10) 1310-1315 153 - 154 -[['The research basis of plain language techniques: Implications for establishing standards'>>url:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karen_Schriver/publication/285927928_The_research_basis_of_plain_language_techniques_Implications_for_establishing_standards/links/5664c50208ae192bbf90aa85/The-research-basis-of-plain-language-techniques-Implications-for-establishing-standards.pdf]], Karen Schriver, PhD, Dr. A. L. Cheek, M. Mercer, Center for Plain Language, November 20, 2008, Mexico City 155 - 156 -[['Readability Levels of Health-Based Websites: From Content to Comprehension'>>url:https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ851863.pdf]], M. Schutten, A. McFarland, PhD, International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 2009, 12:99-107 157 - 158 -[['Writing smaller'>>url:http://clarity-international.net/journals/63.pdf]], Clarity Journal no. 63, 2010 159 - 160 -[[Plain Language Commission style guide>>url:https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/aaf9e928/files/uploaded/PLCstyleguide25July2012.pdf]], 2012 161 - 162 -[['Shorter Lines Facilitate Reading in Those Who Struggle'>>url:https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0071161]], Matthew H. Schneps , Jenny M. Thomson, Gerhard Sonnert, Marc Pomplun, Chen Chen, Amanda Heffner-Wong, 2013 163 - 164 -[['Towards a better measure of readability: Explanation of empirical performance results'>>url:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1989.11435805]], Leslie A. Olsen & Rod Johnson, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 165 - 166 -[['What is plain language?'>>url:https://plainlanguagenetwork.org/plain-language/what-is-plain-language/]], Plain Language Association International, 2015 167 - 168 -[[Text complexity, ATOS, and Lexile® Measures>>url:https://www.renaissance.com/products/practice/accelerated-reader-360/atos-and-text-complexity/]], Renaissance Learning, 2016 169 - 170 -[['Understanding Plain English summaries. A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports.'>>url:https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-017-0064-0]] 2017 171 - 172 -[['How to use Yoast SEO: The readability analysis?'>>url:https://yoast.com/yoast-seo-readability-analysis/]] Edwin Toonen, Yoast, 2018 173 - 174 -[[The Crystal Mark standard>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/services/crystal-mark/7-the-crystal-mark-standard.html]] Plain English Campaign, undated 175 - 176 - 177 ----- 178 - 179 -== == 180 - 181 -== {{id name="st"/}}Specialist terms == 182 - 183 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %) 184 -Make specialist content comprehensible by non-experts. 185 - 186 - 187 -=== 1. Explain specialist terms: anybody can access your content. === 188 - 189 -Assuming who your audience is, and that they'll understand the technical terms you use, are common misconceptions. 190 - 191 - 192 -=== 2. Create content that all users can understand, whatever their expertise or background. === 193 - 194 -When you present a concept explain its parts and processes in detail. 195 - 196 -If you need to include a technical term consider explaining it. Make sure the surrounding language in plain language. 197 - 198 - 199 -=== 3. Help users understand specialist terms. === 200 - 201 -You could: 202 - 203 -* link to an existing definition – this could be an external site 204 -* add a explanatory definition after using the term 205 - 206 - 207 ->Example: 208 -> 209 ->"It is a Palladian style stone building, and contains a number of splendid paintings and much fine wood-carving." – original sentence (source [[yourdictionary.com>>url:http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/palladian]]). 210 -> 211 ->"It is a [[Palladian style>>url:http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-palladianism/]] stone building, and contains a number of splendid paintings and much fine wood-carving." – with link to a definition. 212 -> 213 -> "It is a Palladian style stone building and contains a number of splendid paintings and much fine wood-carving. Palladian style architecture features include columns, symmetry and decorative arches." – with explanatory definition. 214 - 215 - 216 -== Usability evidence: specialist terms == 217 - 218 -[['Writing Digital Copy for Domain Experts'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/articles/writing-domain-experts/]], Nielson Norman Group, 2017 219 - 220 -[['Writing Digital Copy for Specialists vs. General Audiences'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/videos/writing-digital-copy-specialists/?lm=how-users-read-on-the-web&pt=article]], Nielson Norman Group, undated 221 - 222 -[['Plain Language For Everyone, Even Experts'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/videos/plain-language-for-experts/?lm=how-users-read-on-the-web&pt=article]] Nielson Norman Group, undated 223 - 224 -[['TechWhirl Fast 5: Understanding Plain Language and Simplified Technical English'>>url:https://techwhirl.com/techwhirl-fast-5-understanding-plain-language-simplified-technical-english/]], Connie Giordano, TechWhirl, 2017 225 - 226 -[['Advantages and disadvantages with Simplified Technical English'>>url:https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:16816/FULLTEXT01]], Msc thesis paper, Karin Disborg, 2007 227 - 228 -[['Technical Writing Need Not Be Abstruse—Use Plain Language for Maximum Impact'>>url:https://digital.gov/2015/10/23/technical-writing-need-not-be-abstruse-use-plain-language-for-maximum-impact/#]], Colleen Blessing, 2015 229 - 230 -[['The Facets of the General Public as Audience'>>url:https://www.dropbox.com/s/2u2cybl7c57u0tr/AudienceIssues.pdf?dl=0]] Cheryl Stephens and Mariah Stufflebeam, 2017 231 - 232 - 233 ----- 234 - 235 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %) 236 -Here's some sector specific guidance for [[medicine, money and law>>doc:.Medical.WebHome]]. 237 - 238 - 239 -And here's our list of jargon [[words to avoid>>doc:.Words to avoid.WebHome]]! 1 +Please go to [[readabilityguidelines.co.uk/clear-language/simple-sentences>>url:https://readabilityguidelines.co.uk/clear-language/simple-sentences/]].