Changes for page Simple sentences

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Title

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1		-Simple sentences
	1	+Clear language

Parent

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1		-Plain English.WebHome
	1	+Main.WebHome

Content

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1		-(% class="box" %)
2		-(((
3		-Following this helps:
	1	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	2	+Clear language helps:
4	4
5		-* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is easier to scan and absorb instantly
6		-* **people who are stressed** – if you're anxious you find it harder to comprehend things
7		-* **people who are multi-tasking** – if you're holding a baby or a running business your attention's divided
8		-* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words and sentences carry less cognitive load
9		-* **visual impairments** – short and simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller visual field
10		-* **motor impairments** – it's less tiring when you can understand what you read quickly
11		-)))
	4	+* **people in a hurry** – simply written content is easier to scan and absorb instantly
	5	+* **cognitive impairments** – easy to understand words and sentences need less cognition
	6	+* **visual impairments** – short and simple sentences convey meaning in a smaller field of focus
	7	+* **motor impairments** – it's less tiring when you can understand what you read quickly
12	12
13		-==
14		-Guidelines ==
15	15
	10	+== Guidelines ==
16	16
17		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H1.MakeyouraveragesentenceA015wordslong." %)
18		-[[1. Make your average sentence 15 words long.>>1. Make your average sentence 15 words long.||anchor="#1"]]
	12	+[[Plain English>>Plain English||anchor="pe"]]
19	19
20		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H2.A0Avoidcomplexsentencestructures." %)
21		-[[2. Avoid complex sentence structures.>>2. Avoid complex sentence structures.||anchor="#2"]]
	14	+[[Sentence length>>Sentence length||anchor="ssl"]]
22	22
23		-(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
24		-[[Usability evidence>>Usability evidence||anchor="#UESS"]]
25		-
	16	+Sentence structure
26	26
27		-----
	18	+Specialist terms
28	28
29		-== ==
	20	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	21	+Words to avoid
30	30
31		-=== {{id name="#1"/}}1. Make your average sentence 15 words long. ===
32	32
33		-The maximum sentence length for a good level of comprehension is 25 words. Split long sentences up into 2 or 3, or use bullet points.
	24	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	25	+Our guidelines come out of conversations held on Slack about clear language usability evidence. Clear language helps in all areas. It opens it up to the widest possible audience.
34	34
35		-Oxford Guide to plain English, GOV.UK and linguists agree 15 word sentences are fine but above 40 words is hard to understand.
36	36
	28	+== {{id name="pe"/}}Plain English ==
37	37
38		-=== {{id name="#2"/}}2. Avoid complex sentence structures. ===
	30	+Make content clear and understandable, to open the web up for users with different literacy levels and access challenges.
39	39
40		-They are less easy to comprehend quickly. Understanding them requires more cognitive effort than simple sentences.
	32	+WCAG states that "using the clearest and simplest language appropriate is highly desirable."
	33	+
	34	+The United Nations recommends plain language for communications.
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42	42
43		-Complexity depends on:
	37	+=== 1. Choose easy and short words not formal, long ones. ===
44	44
45		-* number of clauses in a sentence, the more clauses the more complex it is
46		-* distribution of associated words across the sentence – how easily can the brain 'parse a phrase': recognise, connect and comprehend words that together convey meaning
	39	+Use ‘buy’ instead of ‘purchase’, ‘help’ instead of ‘assist’, and ‘about’ instead of ‘approximately’.
	40	+
	41	+Write for the reading comprehension of a 9 year old. This helps you reach the most users and makes your content easy to scan.
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	44	+=== 2. Jargon and buzzwords are unlikely to be clear language. ===
	45	+
	46	+Often, these words are too general and vague and can lead to misinterpretation or empty, meaningless text. Avoid them. Instead, think about what the term actually means and describe that. Be open and specific.
	47	+
	48	+
49	49	Example:
50		-\\(% class="mark" %)"The red fox jumped over the gate." – easier to understand
51		-"The fox, which was red, over the gate jumped." – harder to understand
	50	+"Let's touch base in 10 and do some blue sky thinking." This uses jargon.
	51	+"Let's meet in 10 minutes to think of some ideas." Conveys same meaning using clear language.
52	52
53	53
54		-----
	54	+=== 3. Write conversationally. ===
55	55
56		-== {{id name="#UESS"/}}Usability evidence: simple sentences ==
	56	+Picture your audience and write as if you were talking directly to them, with the authority of someone who can help and inform.
57	57
58		-Oxford Guide to plain English
59	59
60		-Jyoti Sanyal 'Indlish'
	59	+=== 4. Test your content with users ===
61	61
62		-Author Ann Wylie
	61	+What is 'plain' for one person may not be for someone else.
63	63
64		-[[Writing for GOV.UK>>url:https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/writing-for-gov-uk]], UK Government website
65	65
66		-[['Sentence length: why 25 words is our limit'>>url:https://insidegovuk.blog.gov.uk/2014/08/04/sentence-length-why-25-words-is-our-limit/]], Inside GOV.UK, UK Government blog, 2014
	64	+== Usability evidence for plain English ==
67	67
68		-[['Content design'>>url:https://contentdesign.london/book/]], Sarah Richards, 2017
	66	+[[Guideline 3.1 Readable: Make text content readable and understandable.>>url:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/meaning-supplements.html]], Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, 2008.
69	69
70		-[['The role of word difficulty and sentence length in text comprehension'>>url:https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a114935.pdf]], T. M. Duffy and P. K. U'Ren, 1982
	68	+[['Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities'>>url:http://templatelab.com/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/]], page 4 Article 2, Definitions, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2018.
71	71
72		-[['The Influence of Semantics and Syntax on What Readers Remember'>>url:https://www.hcde.washington.edu/files/people/docs/Isakson_Spyridakis_Sem_Syn.pdf]], C. S. Isakson and J. H. Spyridakis, 1999
	70	+[['Plain Language Is for Everyone, Even Experts'>>url:https://www.nngroup.com/articles/plain-language-experts/]], H. Loranger, Nielsen Norman Group, 2017
73	73
74		-[['How the brain attunes to sentence processing: Relating behavior, structure, and function'>>url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819595/]], A. Fengler, L. Meyer, A. D. Friederici, National Center for Biotechnology Information
	72	+[['The Public Speaks: An Empirical Study of Legal Communication'>>url:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1843415]], C. R. Trudeau in 14 Scribes J. Leg. Writing 121 2012
75	75
76		-[['Functional Analysis of Clause Complex in the Language of News Websites Texts: A Comparative Study of Two Articles'>>url:http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0616/ijsrp-p5445.pdf]], F. M. S. Eid, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
	74	+[['Strengthening plain language'>>url:http://www.iplfederation.org/]], International Plain Language Federation. Undated.
77	77
78		-[[Reading Level>>url:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/meaning-supplements.html]], Understanding SC 3.1.5, WCAG, 2008
	76	+[[Plain Language Commission style guide>>url:https://www.clearest.co.uk/plain-language-commission-style-guide]], Plain Language Commission, 2011
79	79
80		-[['Readability Assessment of Internet-Based Consumer Health Information'>>url:http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/53/10/1310/tab-pdf]], T. M. Walsh and T. A. Volsko in Respiratory Care October 2008, 53 (10) 1310-1315
	78	+[['The principles of readability'>>url:http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/readability02.pdf]], Impact Information, William H. DuBay, 2004
81	81
82		-[['The research basis of plain language techniques: Implications for establishing standards'>>url:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karen_Schriver/publication/285927928_The_research_basis_of_plain_language_techniques_Implications_for_establishing_standards/links/5664c50208ae192bbf90aa85/The-research-basis-of-plain-language-techniques-Implications-for-establishing-standards.pdf]], Karen Schriver, PhD, Dr. A. L. Cheek, M. Mercer, Center for Plain Language, November 20, 2008, Mexico City
	80	+[[Plain language entry>>url:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language]], Wikipedia, last updated 2018
83	83
84		-[['Readability Levels of Health-Based Websites: From Content to Comprehension'>>url:https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ851863.pdf]], M. Schutten, A. McFarland, PhD, International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 2009, 12:99-107
85	85
86		-[['Writing smaller'>>url:http://clarity-international.net/journals/63.pdf]], Clarity Journal no. 63, 2010
	83	+== {{id name="ssl"/}}Short sentence length ==
87	87
88		-[[Plain Language Commission style guide>>url:https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/aaf9e928/files/uploaded/PLCstyleguide25July2012.pdf]], 2012
89	89
90		-[['Shorter Lines Facilitate Reading in Those Who Struggle'>>url:https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0071161]], Matthew H. Schneps , Jenny M. Thomson, Gerhard Sonnert, Marc Pomplun, Chen Chen, Amanda Heffner-Wong, 2013
91	91
92		-[['Towards a better measure of readability: Explanation of empirical performance results'>>url:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1989.11435805]], Leslie A. Olsen & Rod Johnson, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015
	87	+== Simple sentence structure ==
93	93
94		-[['What is plain language?'>>url:https://plainlanguagenetwork.org/plain-language/what-is-plain-language/]], Plain Language Association International, 2015
95	95
96		-[[Text complexity, ATOS, and Lexile® Measures>>url:https://www.renaissance.com/products/practice/accelerated-reader-360/atos-and-text-complexity/]], Renaissance Learning, 2016
	90	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	91	+Here's some sector specific guidance:
97	97
98		-[['Understanding Plain English summaries. A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports.'>>url:https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-017-0064-0]] 2017
	93	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	94	+Legal
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100		-[['How to use Yoast SEO: The readability analysis?'>>url:https://yoast.com/yoast-seo-readability-analysis/]] Edwin Toonen, Yoast, 2018
	96	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	97	+Medical
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102		-[[The Crystal Mark standard>>url:http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/services/crystal-mark/7-the-crystal-mark-standard.html]] Plain English Campaign, undated
	99	+(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	100	+Financial
103	103
104	104
105		-----
	103	+{{children/}}
106	106
107		-(% class="box" %)
108		-(((
109		-See also:
110	110
111		-* [[Plain English>>doc:Plain English.Plain English, simple sentences.WebHome]]
112		-* [[Specialist terms>>doc:Plain English.Specialist terms.WebHome]]
113		-* [[Law, medicine, money>>doc:Plain English.Medical.WebHome]]
114		-* [[Words to avoid>>doc:Plain English.Words to avoid.WebHome]]
115		-)))
	106	+